Richard, the 'Lionheart', was born on 8th September 1157 at Oxford, son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He joined the Third Crusade to the Holy Land but returned to England when he heard of his ...

In 1191, Richard I and Saladin wrote to each other ... the people who travelled from Western Europe to take part in the Crusades. Sultan is the title given to a ruler in some Muslim countries.